On a MacBook keyboard (no F5 like Windows), these work in most browsers (Safari, Chrome, Edge, Firefox).
On a MacBook, the browser refresh shortcut is: macbook refresh shortcut
For or desktop refresh: Command (⌘) + R (in a Finder window) or right-click → "Clean Up" (no universal desktop refresh like Windows). On a MacBook keyboard (no F5 like Windows),
For a (bypass cache): Command (⌘) + Shift + R these work in most browsers (Safari